PG industry analysis - 2177 Words

Abstract: As the most basic industry nearby human daily life. The consumer goods industry is the symbol of human interest, modern exchange of industry and the management intelligent development in hundreds of industries. Until 2012, the U.S. consumer goods market was the largest in the world, estimated at $432 billion (Select USA, 2013). By the research and analysis of certain industry, the industry will report the industry conditions to investor and the challenge and solution to industry managers. The report will focus on seven parts, which includes the consumer goods industry five force analysis, market condition analysis, leader company strategy analysis and profit condition analysis in order to suggest the†¦show more content†¦The easier of information acquire, the greater power individual to change another brand. On another hand, another major player, retailer has a great power to negotiate price and quality. The huge demand and sell quantity increase their power differ to individuals. Bargaining power of suppliers Most strong company control large demand in material to suppliers, the suppliers hold a power to change price and support quantity. Such as PG parts the supplier into company supply chain, which will incur a switching cost when consider a little increase of material price. In summary, the power in both side is limit because the player is limit. Intensity of competitive rivalry The industry is in highly rivalry market. The profit ratio modify a competition environment and a great number of supported brand improve the customer buying power among different companies. The customer switch cost almost zero verse millions of brand advertising cost. Big company creating hundreds different bands in the market in different income segment with huge marking investment. Key Factors Impact Change Consumer Goods Industry When chosen daily product, customers will find that there always be a little difference on a similar product in quality and price. What will be the key to impact the consumer goods industry? Changing of Consumer Demand: The consumer demand has a rapidlyShow MoreRelatedPG vs Unilever Executive Summary1442 Words   |  6 PagesUnilever and Pamp;G – Comparative Analysis Executive Summary The Consumer Products Industry is the biggest industry in the world at the moment, with total revenues amounting to about 50% of all goods sold. It is comparable to the GDP of the 4th biggest economy in the world, and entails most of the products we use in our every day lives. There are 3 key factors that drive the industry today: developing markets, the emerging middle-class of developing countries and the millions of baby boomers inRead MoreSwot Analysis : Procter Gamble Essay1001 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Procter Gamble (PG), a leader in the personal products industry relies on branding, product innovation, and delivering value and quality products to consumers worldwide. However, PG has seen stagnant growth in profits. PG is a position to reevaluate and restructure its strategy by identifying external threats and weakness which is a key step to solidifying a corporate strategy for long-term growth. This is an PEST and Five Forces external analysis of PG’s threats and weaknesses,Read MoreCemex Case1142 Words   |  5 PagesIn which industry does Pamp;G compete? Apply Porter’s Five Forces Model to the industry. Is this an attractive industry? Pamp;G is one of the leading companies that are operating in the household consumer product industry. 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Essay925 Words   |  4 Pages17 July 2010 Presentation by Michael Rajendra Sai Tunde Yinka Saturday, 17 July 2010 Aim      of      Presenta.on †¢ To   cri.cally   analyse   PG   from   the   strategic   management    perspec,ve   using   various   models   . Saturday, 17 July 2010 Purpose   of   PG †¢ To   provide   large   variety   of   consumer   products   at   an   aï ¬â‚¬ordable    price   without   compromising   quality. †¢To    Read MoreProcter Gamble Case Analysis Essay1190 Words   |  5 PagesIndustry Environment Analysis: consumer goods - The consumer goods is a global and mature industry. - Highly competitive with an increasing number of competitors offering different versions of the same product and competing for price. Generic brands and Private-label goods are populating the market. - Product innovation and quality are critical to succeed. - Individual buyers have no bargain power. Instead, large retail chains and major supermarkets increase competition among consumer goodsRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Procter Gamble1181 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Procter Gamble started as a small soap and candle company in 1937. Since then, Procter Gamble (PG) has grown to be a global leader in the manufacturing and selling of household products. Over the years, PG has been instrumental in the innovation of common corporate practices, such as employee profit-sharing programs, market research, and brand-management systems. The multinational corporation sells its products (at least 250 household products) through a well-structured systemRead MoreProcter And Gamble ( P G755 Words   |  4 PagesProcter and Gamble (PG) and Colgate-Palmolive (C-P) are two of the largest consumer goods company in the world and have been in the industry since the 80s. The companies manufacture and market fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) such as household products, and personal care and hygiene, targeting at various segments of consumers. Among the brands carried by PG are Downy, Olay, Tide, Clairol and Bounty. Popular brands under C-P are Palmolive, Kleenex, Co lgate, etc. In terms of financial performance

PERSONAL ND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT Essays - 1351 Words

Lesson Plan – 2 PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT Unit Title: Personal and Professional Development Topic: Personal Swot Analysis Week 2 Time: Variable Duration: 5 Hours Lecturers: Module Leader: Joy Meme Venue: Variable No of students: Variable Lesson Objectives: 1.Understanding of the use and concept of a Personal SWOT Analysis 2.Completion of a Personal SWOT Analysis 3.Reading and discussion of the article-â€Å"How to Lead When the Generation Gap Becomes Your Everyday Reality† by Izzy Gesell Learning Outcomes (upon successful completion, students should be able to): Conduct a self-assessment inventory by doing a personal SWOT. Communicate ideas in an†¦show more content†¦Understand types of learner and learning strategies 2. Critically analyse individual approaches to learning 3. Benefits of self -managed learning to the individual and organisation Learning Outcomes (upon successful completion, students should be able to): 1. Define own learning style 2. Evaluate approaches to self-managed learning and their benefits 3. Propose ways in which lifelong learning could be encouraged Previous knowledge assumed: Knowledge of own learning style Materials and equipment required: PPT slides, case studies, hand-outs Assessment method: Part of portfolio for Final Submission Notes on DifferentiationShow MoreRelatedDeveloping And Managing Multi Cultural Teams1331 Words   |  6 Pages Developing and Managing Multi-Cultural Teams Jason LaVoie Argosy University Online â€Æ' Executive Summary Today’s workforce is ever more diverse in means of personal traits such as race, ethnicity, gender, national origin, religion, gender identification, and sexual orientation. Diversity research proposes that such diversity in the workplace will steer to lesser costs and/or greater revenues, enhancing the bottom line of an organization. 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Comparing the Young and the Old free essay sample

We live longer and experience more in life we would become wise to the ways of the world. The funny thing is, this does not always happen. If you listen to the elderly many do become wise but many others seem to get stuck in their past, but yet they think they are wise. They can not seem to see the world changing around them. A firsthand example of this for me is my Grandparents. When we talk about money, specifically the cost of buying a new car they cannot fathom the cost of buying a new car. I remind them of all the safety features that cars now have but they still resist he idea of replacing their 1985 Buick because of the cost associated with a newer and safer car. On the other hand young adults readily accept changes in their world. Now that we are living in the Information Age an enormous amount of information is readily available at our fingertips. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing the Young and the Old or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Todays younger generation knows quite bit more than their grandparents knew at the same age because of this. The problem is that too many of us will allow ourselves to get stuck in our youth as well. The extreme of a so-called typical young adult would be one who at 18 thinks they already know verything they need to in life. No one, especially an older person can tell them anything about life Another evident contrast between the elderly and the young is their outlook on life. Young adults are more optimistic about the future, whereas their counterparts are more pessimistic. An example might be that you will hear from the majority of young adults, l want to make a lot of money and retire early, but an older adult might say, Money is not everything; as long as you stay healthy you will be happy. Another phrase that I hear quite a bit is to enjoy my youth and to see the world efore I get old. My Grandmother still tells me that to this day. Her belief is that once you reach a certain age when the aches and pains of aging begin you will lose your desire to be more active. Older people seem to get set in their ways and typically resist change. They get comfortable with a certain patter n in their lives and do not like this pattern disturbed. They have no tolerance for anything new. My Grandparents are a good example of how change is very difficult. They have lived in their neighborhood for over forty years and its is not safe any more. They refuse to even think about moving to a retirement community. When I ask either of my Grandparents why they wont move they blame each other for not wanting to move. Young adults on the other hand are much more adaptable to change. Most enjoy spontaneity and look forward to new experiences. What it all comes down to is time, experience and most of all the willingness of old and young alike to learn and share with each other. I know I can learn much from my elders, I hope they see that they can learn much from me.

Story About Best Friends Essays - Eugne Christophe, Startup Cult

Story about Best Friends It was a sunny Sunday morning; the spring breeze was evident all around, the kind that says summer in on the way. My best friend called and offered to take me rock climbing up at Indian Hills, I was thrilled but timid. Waiting with anticipation I could hear the sound of his car coming, it was distinct in its own way because the muffler was on its last leg. He arrived in style, no not really. The paint of his car was peeling off and the smell of the exhaust filled the air with a horrible aroma. Every time I got in his car I felt embarrassed, but it was all right because he was the only one who could drive. As we started up the 225 Highway we were following traffic along the twisting, turning road. Suddenly my best friend cursed under his breath. I looked at him surprisingly and asked, "What's wrong?" He started to laugh, took his foot off the accelerator, hit the brakes, and said "Didn't you see that state trooper?" I nodded, "Well we were going 85 up this road," he said. Luckily we were not the only cars on the road. About a mile from the turn off we slowed down to 55 miles an hour. When we pulled off the side of the road, we were both surprised to find that there were no other cars parked there. Normally this turn off was packed with cars, with people climbing in the Indian Hills. Although we were both happy that there was no one else around to interfere, there was a lingering feeling of dread. If something were to go wrong there wouldn't be anybody else around to help. We both got out of the car and decided to go on against our better judgment. The trail up was steep; about two feet wide surrounded, with scrub brush. On the way up I was thinking both about how bad my legs were getting cut from the brush, and about not slipping on the sandy trail. The half-mile long hike was nothing but a warm up for my best friend and I, who are avid backpackers and trail hikers. We reached the top and headed to the intermediate climbs off to the left. My best friend is an experienced rock climber so this was nothing to him. However it didn't look too intermediate to me. Mount Everest came to mind! I walked over and stood underneath the rock formations. I felt so little like a two-story building surrounded by skyscrapers. The incredible height was nothing in comparison to the thought of falling onto the jagged rocks that surrounded the base of the formation. Due to Mark's experience, I volunteered him to go up first, so I could watch and get a better feel for the g rip locations. Mark reached the top with ease and as he pulled himself up over the edge he looked down and yelled "Your turn." I approached the wall with anxiety; my right leg was shaking like it had its own mind. As I started to climb I thought to myself, wouldn't this be much safer if I had a rope of some kind. About ten feet off the ground I looked down which was the first mistake I made. At that point I knew that there was no turning back and the only way I was going to get off this rock was to go up. With great determination I got about ? of the way up when I heard Mark yelling, "You are taking the wrong path!" I pressed myself against the wall so I could relax my arms; I could feel the rough surface of the rock against my face. The perspiration on my hands made the rock seem very slippery. Mark laid down on the granite slab and stuck his head over the side. With his guidance I started climbing again. As I approached the top I found myself with no where else to go. I couldn't s ee the last grip, I asked Mark, "Where's the last hold?" He pointed to a spot just above me and said, "You'll have to jump for it." Jump!

Nokia Case Study

Advancement in technology has facilitated the growth of mobile and telecommunication industry. The sector is dominated by leading world producers who depend on their operational management decision to remain afloat in the competitive industry; some of international companies in the industry include Samsung, Nokia, Sony-Ericson, Apples, and Google Android-powered phones.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Nokia Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nokia has been a leader in the industry in innovation, sales, and market share, however the increased competition has triggered for strategic decisions to be made by the company. Decisions are the driving force in any organization. The quality of decision that managers make give their organization direction and focus. The growth and competitiveness of an organization is influenced by the quality as well as acceptability of decisions made by managers at all levels (Z i-Lin, Kwanghui and Pho-Kam, 2006). This paper analysis the strategic direction taken by Nokia Phone Company, will also undertake a strength and weakness analysis of the company. Brief history of the company Nokia is an international phone company, with its headquarters in Finland; according to the company’s website, the company currently enjoys a market share of about 37% and aims at increasing the market share to over 40% by the end of 2011. It has a strong brand all over the world, the companies positioning statement is â€Å"technology connecting people†. The company’s headquarters are located in Keilaniemi, Espoo. Currently it has a total number of employees over 123,000 distributed in various countries. It has it presence as a selling point of full branch in over 120 countries. In the year 2009, the company was able to make a profit of â‚ ¬1.2 billion this was over 10% than what it had recorded the previous year. The idea of the company was started in 1 865 however; it became a telecommunication company in 1960’s (Nokia Official website, 2010). Nokia Vision, Mission, Purpose and value of its marketing materials Nokia is one international company that has a simple and straightforward mission statement as â€Å"Connecting People†. Its vision statement is â€Å"Our strategic intent is to build great mobile products† (Nokia Official website, 2010), this vision statement has more focus on the phone section of the company as the main business segment that the company has. The main purpose of the company is â€Å"Our job is to enable billions of people everywhere to get more of life’s opportunities through mobile† (Nokia Official website, 2010). To ensure that the company fulfils its vision, mission and purpose, it operates under marketing values and principles; they include innovation, products development, respect for the people and respect for research and development projects (Nokia Official website, 2010).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The current electronic market is fiancà © and competitive, there are number of players in the industry that calls for Nokia to keep changing its operating policies and strategies. It has to keep changing its approach to ensure that it remains competitive. The main competitors of the company include Samsung, Apple, and Sony-Ericson. To fight the competition, Nokia has engaged in a number of collaborations with other likeminded companies to ensure that it remains competitive. One of the recent strategic alliances that the company has made is strategic partnership with Microsoft   to offer the company with the right software to compete effectively. The drive to remain competitive and offer high returns to the company has made the management to develop new strategies that will see it succeed   (Reid, Plank and Richard, 2004). Review marketing performance Nokia has been a leader in the electronic industry however current innovations and venture of other international companies have hindered the companies continued leadership; the companies strength and innovativeness has made it world’s largest manufacturer of  mobile phones. In the first three quarter of 2010, the company enjoyed a market share of approximately 31% on average; however, the market share reduced to 30% in the last quarter of the year. The drop of the market share can be attributed to aggressive marketing and selling approaches adopted by its competitors mostly Apple Inc and Google Android-powered phones. The company is also diversifying rapidly in laptops, IPods and I phone to enable it share a large market in the electronic industry. The results of 2010, were lower to those recorded in 2009 of 35% in the fourth quarter; so far, the marketing approach that the company has adopted is doing well in the markets however, the trend is alarmin g and calling for something extra to be done if the company has to remain in the forefront of the market. Nokia has a positioning statement as â€Å"connecting people†, the statement is deeply rooted in the people who’s the company aims at serving through its products. The positioning statement with a single grasp describes what the company is up to and what it aims at offering. One of the major weaknesses that the companies marketing campaigns have had is that they have been only inclined to advertising and selling of phones; however, the company has more products that it can use to increase its market, revenue as well as sales.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Nokia Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another problem that can be seen with its structure is the presence of its research and development plants; the last quarter of 2010 say the company have research and development outlets in only 16 countries from its present countries of about 120. The representation of the research and development team is thus not a representative of the company’s total presence (John and Mowen, 2004). S.W.O.T Nokia strength is ventured in its strong brand name that is internationally recognized. There is a wide recognition of these products in all parts of the world. The strength of the company is undoubtedly be engineered by its internal managerial mechanisms. In order to have a competitive edge in selling its product and services, it will be advisable for the company to take advantage of its ability to compete favorably with equal players in the market. The company’s products are fitted with different features and yet they are sold at an affordable cost   (Sadler, 2003). One weakness that Nokia is having is having a slow rate of products development; in the near past, the company has been producing products after other companies have invented them. It has become a c ompany of copying technology instead of being a leader in developing the technologies (Ketels, 2006). With globalization, the company has the chance of targeting international markets, it can expand its market share in other countries and improve its products to attain customer loyalty and retain it as well. The major threat facing the company is competition from other companies in the industry who seem to be more aggressive and are having consumer-targeted products. This has made the company shed some markets to these competitors   (Peter, 2006). Scope marketing opportunities Opportunities are positives that a company can utilize for its benefits, one of the most outstanding opportunities that the company has is growth in globalization. Opportunities for the company are dependent on both the internal and external assessment criteria of the company’s profile of operation   (Kotler Armstrong, 2001). Some of the underlying opportunities for this company about the macro env ironment are the diversification of its activities. When operating in more than one country, the company should ensure it well understands the marketing approach that it should implement for its success. Different countries call for different marketing approach depending with the people living in the area. There are some green markets or some markets that have not been fully utilized that the company should think of diversifying to, some of these are in developing countries who may be in need of basic phones   Ã‚  (Hooley and Saunders, 1993). With changes in markets and economic situation, different people are having different tastes; the company should aim at establishing niche markets with the available markets. For instance, the growth of the youthful population can have a niche to have highly integrated phones that can perform different tasks; this should be in the areas that the company should be going. It should not shy off to take challenge from its competitors like Apple a nd Androids who are driving the market through innovations   (Michael 1997).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When the above opportunities have been seen and well ventured, the company is likely to have a growing profit gain as sales are likely to grow; on the other hand, when the company develops new products with times and aim at fulfilling consumer needs, it will likely win consumer confidence that grows loyalty with the company’s products. The viability of a new venture is dependent on how well the opportunity has been seen, tapped, and structures to venture in it have been developed (Earl, 1996). Other products that Nokia should consider Although the market is saturated with customer-focused products, Nokia still can come up with other innovative products to grow its portfolio. An area that seems green and still not ventured in is solar charged laptops: many people today are using laptops in their day-to-day activities, however they are limited by the life of their batteries. Laptops are electronic gadget, which must depend with a reliable source of electricity to be recharged. The company should think of coming up with policies and develop the products. The innovation of solar-based laptops should target countries with high potential in laptop markets and they experience large spells of solar energy. They should be fitted with photoelectric cells that allow self-charging when exposed to solar energy. When such products are developed, the company is likely to remain competitive in the electronic gadgets industry. Caribbean and African countries have not been fully utilized, the company can still venture in the markets and dominate them; in most of these countries, the company should look into low income earners thus it should provide phones and other electronic gadgets that fit these markets. Diversification to solar laptops and venturing more aggressively in Caribbean and African countries is in line with the company’s mission, vision, purpose, objective as well as positioning statement. It will lead to an increased sales, increased profits , as we ll as customer base; the net result is dominance in the electronic industry. References Earl, P. ,1996. Management, Marketing and the Competitive Process. Williston: American International Distribution Corporation. Hooley J., Saunders, J. ,1993. Competitive Strategy: the Key to Marketing Strategy. New York: Prentice Hall. John, C. and Mowen, M., 2004. Consumer Behavior-A Framework. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press. Ketels, C.,2006. Michael Porter’s Competitiveness Framework: Recent Learnings and New Research Priorities. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade. 6(2),pp. 115-136. Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G.,2001. Principles of marketing, 9th edn., Prentice Hall, London. Michael P. ,1997. Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. Beijing: Hua Xia Press. Nokia Official website., 2011. Nokia [online]. Peter, D.,2006. Marketing Management and Strategy. London: Post Telecom Press. Reid, A. Plank, R. and Richard, E. ,2004. Fundamentals of Business Ma rketing Research. New York: Best Business Books. Sadler, P., 2003. Strategic Management. Binghamton: New Down Press. Zi-Lin, L. , Kwanghui and Pho-Kam, W., 2006. Entry and Competitive Dynamics in the Mobile Telecommunications Market. Research Policy. 35(8), pp. 1147-1165. This report on Nokia Case Study was written and submitted by user Natasha Cochran to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Definition and Examples of Salutations

The Definition and Examples of Salutations At the beginning of a conversation, letter, email, or another form of communication, a salutation is a polite greeting, an expression of goodwill, or other sign of recognition. Also called a greeting. As Joachim Grzega points out in the article Hal, Hail, Hello, Hi: Greetings in English Language History, Salutation terms are an important part of a conversationthey tell the other I feel friendly toward you, and they are maybe the start of a longer conversation (Speech Acts in the History of English, 2008). EtymologyFrom the Latin, health Examples and Observations Theres more to the story, Alex announced. Trust me.Katie hadnt heard him come up, and she stood.Oh, hey, she said, blushing against her will.How are you? Alex asked.Good. She nodded, feeling a bit flustered.(Nicholas Sparks, Safe Haven. Hachette Book Group, 2010) J.D.: Greetings and salutations. You a Heather?Veronica Sawyer: No, Im a Veronica.(Christian Slater and Winona Ryder in Heathers, 1988) Cowboy: Howdy.Adam Kesher: Howdy to you.Cowboy: Beautiful evening.Adam Kesher: Yeah.(Monty Montgomery and Justin Theroux in Mulholland Dr., 2001) How Are You (Ya)?I bumped into an acquaintance. Hi Sally, I said. How are you? She  paused and then stopped and said hello and how was I and how were the children and it was manifestly obvious she couldnt remember my name.(Philip Hesketh,  How to Persuade and Influence People. Wiley, 2010)The phone rang. ONeil speaking.Howdy, Pat. Its Mac.Mac,  how are ya? I was just thinkin about ya. Great to hear from ya.(Jay Feldman,  Suitcase Sefton and the American Dream. Triumph Books, 2006)Listen to how [people] say, How are you? They dont really say, How are you? They say, How are ya? . . . How are ya? means Just say good, and walk away. I dont really want to know. Register that I asked, then proceed not to tell me.(Paul Reiser, Couplehood, 1995) How Ya Doin?Everyone seems friendly at first, everyone stops and asks, Hi, how ya doin? But after a while you realize that thats it, nothing ever follows up that Hi, how ya doin? And to answer that with anything less exuberant than, Pretty good, is a social outrage. The creed is to be bright, brisk and busy.(Upamanyu Chatterjee, English, August: An Indian Story. Faber and Faber, 1988)When you meet somebody at a post office, he or she says, How are you, how are you doing? At Laguna, people will stand there and theyll tell you how they are doing. At Laguna, its a way of interacting.(Leslie Marmon Silko, Yellow Woman. Simon and Schuster, 1997) Hey!Hey . . . is basically a synonym for  hia friendly greeting. Until fairly recently, it was confined to the American South.  The Dictionary of American Regional English  (DARE) cites a 1944 survey as reporting that  hey  is the common term of familiar salutation of children and young people in most of the South;  hello  seems to them either semiformal or archaic. On many northern and western campuses the term is  hi. . . .But not anymore. . . .  My sense is that among people under about 40 from all regions,  hey  for some time has been at least as popular as  hi,  and probably more so, and now seems completely unremarkable.(Ben Yagoda, ‘Hey’ Now. The Chronicle of Higher Education, January 6, 2016) Brief EncountersWhen persons accidentally encounter one another, it appears, they may be at liberty to confine their remarks to an exchange of greetings (Goffman 1953:485 points out that length of salutation may depend on the period that had elapsed since the last salutation and the period that seemed likely before the next; but a minimal exchange is possible); when there is a planned or intended encounter, more than a minimal pair is done.(Gene H. Lerner, Conversation Analysis: Studies From the First Generation. John Benjamins, 2004) Register and DialectSalutations in business letters (Dear Ms. Portillo, Dear Sirs) differ from those in personal letters (Hey Ashley, Dear Devon). Every textevery piece of natural languagerepresents characteristics of both its situation and its speaker or writer; every text is simultaneously register and dialect.(Edward Finegan, American English and Its Distinctiveness. Language in the USA: Themes for the Twenty-First Century, ed. by Edward Finegan and John R. Rickford. Cambridge University Press, 2004) Email GreetingsE-mail has changed the rules of engagement. The language of business is evolving. Our old dears are withering away, replaced in the top perch by hello, hi and hey. . . .Im fed up with people writing Hi Jean when theyve never met me, says etiquette guru Jean Broke-Smith.If youre sending a business e-mail you should begin Dear . . .like a letter. You are presenting yourself. Politeness and etiquette are essential. . . .But why are so many of us culling Dear . . . from our e-mails, even in the workplace? The simplest answer for its detractors is that it no longer says what it means, it feels cold and distant.(James Morgan, Should E-mails Open With Dear, Hi, or Hey? BBC News Magazine, Jan. 21, 2011) The Lighter Side of SalutationsWhat ho! I said.What ho! said Motty.What ho! What ho!What ho! What ho! What ho!After that it seemed rather difficult to go on with the conversation.(P.G. Wodehouse, My Man Jeeves, 1919)

Mother-Daughter Relationship and Weight Concern Annotated Bibliography

Mother-Daughter Relationship and Weight Concern - Annotated Bibliography Example Ogden, J. and Steward, J. (2000). â€Å"The Role of Mother-Daughter Relationship in Explaining Weight Concern.† International Journal of Eating Disorders, Pages 78 – 83. Presented two distinct roles manifested by mother-daughter relationship in terms of modeling the concerns of the mother and interactive role that could either be facilitative or productive of the weight concern. The authors conducted a study that required the participation of thirty mothers with respective daughters (whose ages ranged from 16 to 19 years old) through administration of the questionnaire method. The questionnaire focused on delving into issues concerning weight, as well as perceptions of participants on their relationship. According to the authors, the present study â€Å"primarily aimed to assess the degree of concordance between mothers’ and daughters’ levels of weight concern†. The results revealed that â€Å"the mother-daughter relationship may be relevant to the study of weight concern, not as a forum for modeling but as an interaction between two individuals, which is itself either facilitative or protective of weight concern in the daughter†. The article is clearly relevant in terms of the information provided from the results of the conducted study. However, the date the article was published was already fairly old, more than 10 years from contemporary time and that the results, if conducted today, could have generated a different outcome. Further, the sample size was only small and validity could have been increased by conducting the research using a larger sample size. Still, the contents could be cited in the current research for relevance of information contained herein. Ogden, J. and Chanana, A. (1998). â€Å"Explaining the effect of ethnic group on weight concern: finding a role for family values.† International Journal of Obesity, Volume 22, Pages 641-647. Explored the effect of ethnic groups, particularly Asians, on weight concern; as well as determining the influence of values exhibited by families as inflicting on the weight issues. The authors conducted the study through the participation of 20 Asians a nd 20 White daughters through a questionnaire that solicited responses on profile characteristics, values, and perception of the female perfect body. Ogden and Chanana aimed to validate previous studies that indicated that there were no differences in views with regard to body dissatisfaction and eating restraints between the Asian and White groups. In terms of the role of the family, particularly all members: mothers and siblings, except the father, the findings revealed that they all placed crucial importance on physical appearance. The authors were found to be highly authoritative on the subject matter, especially Ogden who was reported to be a Senior Lecturer in Health Psychology based in the London University. The article, though, was already outdated being published in 1998 and contemporary factors could have changed perceptions of both study groups, if the study is conducted recently. The information could therefore be cited only on areas where parallelism with current studie s would have been established. Otherwise, due to the outdated information, the results could fairly be used in the current research. Leichty, T; Freeman, P.A. and Zabriskie, R.B. (2006). â€Å"Body Image and Beliefs About Appearance: Constraints on the Leisure of College-Age and Middle-Age Women.† Leisure Sciences, Volume 28, Pages 311 – 330. Examine relevant relationships on three variables: body image, beliefs about appearance, and leisure constraints as solicited from the response of college-aged students and their respective mothers. A fairly large sample size of 116 female students and 76 mothers were used where participation required the use of computers to generate the needed information. Initially,